Reduced Slc2a4/GLUT4 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of monosodium glutamate obese mice is recovered after atorvastatin treatment.

BACKGROUND: Decreased expression of glucose transporter protein GLUT4, encoded by the solute carrier 2A4 (Slc2a4) gene, is involved in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Local tissue inflammation, by nuclear factor-κB (NFκB)-mediated pathway, has been related to Slc2a4 repression; a mechanism that could be modulated by statins. Using a model of obesity with insulin resistance, this study investigated whether (1) inflammatory markers and Slc2a4 expression are altered; (2) atorvastatin has beneficial effects on inflammation and Slc2a4 expression; and (3) inhibitor of NFκB (IKK)/NFκB pathway is involved in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). FINDINGS: Obese mice showed insulin resistance, decreased expression of Slc2a4 mRNA (66%, P < 0.01) and GLUT4 protein (30%, P < 0.05), and increased expression of interleukin 6 (Il6) mRNA (44%, P < 0.05) in SAT. Obese mice treated with atorvastatin had enhanced in vivo insulin sensitivity, besides increased Slc2a4/GLUT4 expression and reduced Il6 expression in SAT. No alterations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1ß and adiponectin expression or IKKα/ß activity in SAT of obese mice or obese mice treated with atorvastatin were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin has beneficial effect upon glycemic homeostasis, which may be related to its positive impact on Il6 and Slc2a4/GLUT4 expression in SAT.

Efeito do treinamento resistido na densidade mineral óssea e no conteúdo de GLUT4 em ratos diabéticos (tipo 2) osteopênicos / Effect of resistance training on bone mineral density and GLUT4 content in osteopenic rats with type 2 diabetes

O diabetes melittus (DM) é considerado um importante problema na saúde pública em vários países do mundo, pois além de estar em ascendente prevalência, compromete tanto a produtividade quanto a qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos seus portadores. Sua principal característica é a presença de hiperglicemia crônica decorrente de defeitos na secreção e/ou ação da insulina. A literatura tem mostrado uma associação de DM com redução da massa óssea. Contudo, os mecanismos de mudanças da densidade mineral óssea (DMO) nesses pacientes diabéticos ainda não estão claros. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito do treinamento resistido (TR) sobre a DMO, as propriedades biomecânicas do osso, glicemia, calcemia, fosfatemia, a sensibilidade à insulina e a expressão de GLUT4 em ratos osteopênicos com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Para tanto, foram utilizados 64 ratos machos (5 dias de idade) divididos em dois grandes grupos: grupo controle (CN), que recebeu injeção de veículo (tampão citrato 10 mmol/L, pH 4.5 i.p.) e grupo diabético (DM), que recebeu injeção de estreptozotocina (150 mg/kg i.p.). Após 55 dias, foi mensurada a glicose de cada animal utilizando o monitor (Accu-Chek Advantage, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) para verificar se os animais do grupo DM estavam diabéticos. Apenas os ratos do grupo DM com glicose acima de 200mg/dl foram utilizados no experimento. Logo em seguida, todos os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de quetamina (80 mg/kg de peso corporal, i.m) e xilazina (10 mg/kg de peso corporal, i.m) para realizar a primeira análise densitométrica (AD) (pré-suspensão) da tíbia direita por emissões de absorciometria de raios-X (DXA), do aparelho DPX (Lunar DPX Alpha, WI, USA). Em seguida, esses grupos foram subdivididos em quatro grupos: CN, controle osteopênicos (CO), DM e diabéticos osteopênicos (DO). Os animais dos grupos CO e DO foram suspensos pela cauda por um período de 21 dias para promover osteopenia nos membros traseiros...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered an important public health problem in many countries of the world, because, besides being in ascending prevalence, it commits the productivity, the quality of life and survival of their bearers. Its main characteristic is the presence of chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in secretion and/or insulin action. The literature has shown an association between DM and reduced bone mass. However, the mechanisms of change in bone mineral density (BMD) in these diabetic patients are still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) on BMD, bone biomechanical properties, glycemia, calcemia and phosphatemia, insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 expression in osteopenic rats with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Thus, we used 64 male rats (5 days old) divided into two groups: control (CN), which received an injection of vehicle (citrate buffer 10 mmol/L, pH 4.5 i.p.) and diabetic (DM), which received an injection of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg i.p). After 55 days, glucose was measured in each animal using the monitor (Accu-Chek Advantage, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) to verify if animals of DM group were diabetic. Only diabetic group rats with glucose above 200mg/dl were used in the experiment. After that all animals were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg body weight, i.m) and xylazine (10 mg/kg bodyweight i.m) so that the first densitometric analysis (DA) (pre-suspension) of the right tibia by dual X-ray absorptiometry emissions (DXA), from apparatus DPX (Lunar DPX Alpha, WI, USA) was performed. Then, these groups were subdivided into four groups: CN, osteopenic control (OC), DM and osteopenic diabetic (OD). Animals in groups OC and OD were suspended by their tails for a period of 21 days to promote osteopenia in hindlimb. Thereafter, the second DA (post-suspension) was performed. After this analysis, these osteopenic groups were removed from suspension and stayed with free movement...

Efeito do treinamento resistido na densidade mineral óssea e no conteúdo de GLUT4 em ratos diabéticos (tipo 2) osteopênicos / Effect of resistance training on bone mineral density and GLUT4 content in osteopenic rats with type 2 diabetes

O diabetes melittus (DM) é considerado um importante problema na saúde pública em vários países do mundo, pois além de estar em ascendente prevalência, compromete tanto a produtividade quanto a qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos seus portadores. Sua principal característica é a presença de hiperglicemia crônica decorrente de defeitos na secreção e/ou ação da insulina. A literatura tem mostrado uma associação de DM com redução da massa óssea. Contudo, os mecanismos de mudanças da densidade mineral óssea (DMO) nesses pacientes diabéticos ainda não estão claros. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito do treinamento resistido (TR) sobre a DMO, as propriedades biomecânicas do osso, glicemia, calcemia, fosfatemia, a sensibilidade à insulina e a expressão de GLUT4 em ratos osteopênicos com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Para tanto, foram utilizados 64 ratos machos (5 dias de idade) divididos em dois grandes grupos: grupo controle (CN), que recebeu injeção de veículo (tampão citrato 10 mmol/L, pH 4.5 i.p.) e grupo diabético (DM), que recebeu injeção de estreptozotocina (150 mg/kg i.p.). Após 55 dias, foi mensurada a glicose de cada animal utilizando o monitor (Accu-Chek Advantage, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) para verificar se os animais do grupo DM estavam diabéticos. Apenas os ratos do grupo DM com glicose acima de 200mg/dl foram utilizados no experimento. Logo em seguida, todos os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de quetamina (80 mg/kg de peso corporal, i.m) e xilazina (10 mg/kg de peso corporal, i.m) para realizar a primeira análise densitométrica (AD) (pré-suspensão) da tíbia direita por emissões de absorciometria de raios-X (DXA), do aparelho DPX (Lunar DPX Alpha, WI, USA). Em seguida, esses grupos foram subdivididos em quatro grupos: CN, controle osteopênicos (CO), DM e diabéticos osteopênicos (DO). Os animais dos grupos CO e DO foram suspensos pela cauda por um período de 21 dias para promover osteopenia nos membros traseiros...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered an important public health problem in many countries of the world, because, besides being in ascending prevalence, it commits the productivity, the quality of life and survival of their bearers. Its main characteristic is the presence of chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in secretion and/or insulin action. The literature has shown an association between DM and reduced bone mass. However, the mechanisms of change in bone mineral density (BMD) in these diabetic patients are still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) on BMD, bone biomechanical properties, glycemia, calcemia and phosphatemia, insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 expression in osteopenic rats with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Thus, we used 64 male rats (5 days old) divided into two groups: control (CN), which received an injection of vehicle (citrate buffer 10 mmol/L, pH 4.5 i.p.) and diabetic (DM), which received an injection of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg i.p). After 55 days, glucose was measured in each animal using the monitor (Accu-Chek Advantage, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) to verify if animals of DM group were diabetic. Only diabetic group rats with glucose above 200mg/dl were used in the experiment. After that all animals were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg body weight, i.m) and xylazine (10 mg/kg bodyweight i.m) so that the first densitometric analysis (DA) (pre-suspension) of the right tibia by dual X-ray absorptiometry emissions (DXA), from apparatus DPX (Lunar DPX Alpha, WI, USA) was performed. Then, these groups were subdivided into four groups: CN, osteopenic control (OC), DM and osteopenic diabetic (OD). Animals in groups OC and OD were suspended by their tails for a period of 21 days to promote osteopenia in hindlimb. Thereafter, the second DA (post-suspension) was performed. After this analysis, these osteopenic groups were removed from suspension and stayed with free movement...